Acquisition of Nursing Critical Thinking Skills Strategies

Acquisition of Nursing Critical Thinking Skills Strategies Aims Aims are general statements of the expected educational intentions of the subject taught (Butt, 2006). The aims of the lesson are: 1. To provide nursing students with opportunities to acquire critical thinking abilities necessary for distinguishing genuine patients 2. To enable students to apply and implement the learnt critical thinking strategies learnt in actual practice with human patients. 3. To provide opportunities for students to develop critical thinking skills and practice clinical decision-making with appropriate faculty guidance. 4. To equip the students with the necessary assessment skills required in identifying patient problems, analysing these problems in terms of their implications for the underlying disease processes and psychosocial needs, and taking actions to optimize the recovery situation. Learning Objectives Learning objectives are specific and measurable targets to be attained by students taught (Kerry, 2002). By the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to: 1. Recall knowledge and facts learnt in class. 2. Apply the comprehension thinking to articulate and establish the relationship among data. 3. Apply the concept learning new hypothetical situation to arrive at correct answer. 4. Apply the analysis in breaking problems into components and examine the components to establish trends and evidence generalization. 5. Present items or thoughts together in new ways-synthesis. 6. Evaluate arguments for validity or relative worth of a view point or process based on established criteria. Teaching Philosophy The teaching philosophy for lessons is derived from social and situational theories that put focus on relationships and interaction between individuals as basis for learning process (International Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Worasinchai Ribiere, 2014). The theories hold that students must engage in meaningful discussions and conversation with one another in order to learn from them. I hold the view that students learn best from their peers. Consequently, peer learning shall be done in every teaching session. Teaching Strategies Teaching strategies are methods and processes the teacher uses to engage student and facilitate the learning process (Programme for International Student Assessment., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2010). These strategies are outlined below. 1. Peer learning. Peer learning is a learning strategy that entails students learning from themselves in pairs or groups (Frankland, 2007). For peer learning section, the teach er shall group students and provide task for each group to perform. Peers shall together to set up a support network for group learning and support. 2. Observation and feedback. The teacher provides clear, honest, detailed and objective feedback on the learner’s performance so they may identify areas in need of improvement or levels of achievement. 3. Demonstration Demonstration is a type of learning that involves exhibition and explanation of the concept, process, procedure, idea or experiment (Sankaranarayanan Sindhu, 2012). A student will be allocated to perform as a patient with a scenario, and the students will talk to him while he answers them. 4. Reflection. Reflection involves careful consideration of concepts, ideas, knowledge, beliefs, processes and information on the basis of its premises and conclusions that supports it (Suqerman, 2000). Time to make sense of things will be given after the performance of the human stimulator to make sense of everything. 5. Lecture A lecture is a method of teaching that involves the presentation of the subject through talking (Jarvis, 1995). The teacher will explain various concepts in class. Lecture time shall be used by the teacher to teach students about the topic for the session. 6. PowerPoint Presentation The teacher will make a short presentation to introduce the topic and key issues. Procedure The teacher makes a 15 minute PowerPoint presentation followed by a 15 minutes pre-test (multiple answer questions) given to students. Session begins, each having 120 minutes 1. The teacher gives a 15min lecture to students. 2. 15 minutes pre-test given to students (7 multiple answer questions). 3. Teacher asks one student to pretend as patient and the rest of students as the student question. The demonstration and practice on human stimulator as patient last for 20 min. 4. Students can ask reflection questions on the demonstration for 10 min. 5. Students give 10 min break. 6. Students placed in groups and asked to discuss the concept learnt with their peers for 20 min. 7. The teacher gives students observation feedback for 15 min. 8. 15 minutes post-test given to students (5 multiple answer question). Rationale Critical thinking is an essential skill learnt by students studying to become nurses. It is defined as a process of intellectually and actively conceptualizing, using, analysing, synthesizing and assessing information to guide action or belief (Higgs, 2008). Critical thinking is based on intellectual competencies such as clarity, accuracy, breadth and precision and logic (White, Duncan Baumie, 2013). Nurses use critical thinking skills to apply model and theories learnt in their studies to patients (Cody Kenney, 2006). Nurses are required to make well-reasoned clinical decisions derived from reflection and critical thinking. To this end, they are taught critical thinking strategies equip them with skills needed to make decisions reasoning. Critical thinking enables the nurses to establish the needs of patients and make a decision on the most appropriate nursing action to take (Brunner Smeltzer, 2010). Some nursing schools offer critical thinking course as a separate unit requiremen t. Others integrate its concepts in other related course subjects. Irrespective of how nursing schools approach the teaching of critical thinking skills, it remains important in nursing practice. Critical thinking according to Watson and Glaser has three elements. These elements are skills, knowledge and attitude (Hersen Thomas, 2003). A critical thinker must be motivated to look at the problem and find solutions to it. He or she must also have good understanding and knowledge of the problem (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2011). More importantly the person must have the appropriate skill to apply and knowledge to resolve problems (Andrea, 2009). Nurses are confronted by problems that often need quick and appropriate solutions. For instance, a nurse is expected to make a decision on whether to call a doctor or ignore when the patient conditions deteriorates. His or her decision can either save the patient’s life or lead to death. Hence, they require training on critical skills to equ ip them with abilities to make independent judgement and assessment patient’s conditions (Lyer, 2006). Nurses apply critical thinking skills in various aspects of their work. In assessment, nurses use critical skills to gather relevant data from patients through interview, observation or from records (Comer, 2005). They must also have critical thinking skills to differentiate important from non-important data and validate the data using other data sources. In diagnosis, they use the skills to organize data into patterns, establish a relationship between data and make a comparison between patterns and theories (Wilkinson, 1996). Again, the skills are used to explore individual assumptions on patients’ conditions and make a judgment on patients’ health concern and explain those concerns to the clients. In planning, critical thinking skills are used to identify patients concerns, find out desired health outcome and choose suitable intervention. On the other hand, i n the implementation, nurses use the skills execute interventions make comparison of baseline data and prevailing status. The teaching plan for the delivering the topic ‘Strategies for the Acquisition of Nursing Critical Thinking Skills’, Incorporates entrenched teaching practices and learning theories. The teaching plan is more students centred. Student-centred learning put emphasis on discovery of knowledge as opposed to passing information (Cook Sittler, 2008). Only 50 minutes out of 120 session minutes are dedicated for teachers’ active involvement in class. The remaining time is taken up by student-centred teaching methods that include peer teaching, demonstration, and reflection. These student centred methods of teaching support social learning theories that focus on peer learning as most suitable method of acquiring knowledge. Given that the program involves the development critical thinking skills, students can learn better by applying what they have lea rnt by interacting with peers. The demonstration part of the teaching gives the student opportunity to identify a problem and use learnt skills to solve it. They are expected to extract useful information from the patient and use it to understand the patients concerns. These tasks require critical thinking skills. The course content for teaching critical thinking skills is very elaborate. It encompasses key areas of learning that include the development of critical thinking skills and characteristics of a thinker. Besides, the learning outcomes have all been considered in the development of the teaching plan. Consequently, the plan meets the key requirement of teaching plans. Teaching plans have aims, procedure and resources (Mariotti, 2009). This information is captured in the template and it relates to the main topic. Apart from course content, there are sections of the plan that are to provide information on situational factors that may have effects on the learning critical think ing skills. These sections include learners’ entry level and special needs. Reflection in action Reflection is a philosophical understanding of how one can pick up learning through experience and use distinctive methodologies to the same situation (Nairn et al. 2012). It is also the persistent process of active thinking and putting into consideration the supporting evidence that forms knowledge to a given scenario. Critical reflection is facilitated by a person’s mind and emotions. According to Vachon and Leblanc (2011), reflective practitioners are characterised by open-mindedness, whole heartedness and responsibility. Reflection prior to action is essential for impacting learning and teaching because it allows for the teaching plan to cater for individual learners based on theoretical conceptualisations of their needs and interests. I was, therefore, prepared to meet the students, interested and motivated to learn how to apply critical thinking in the field of nursing correctly. I also anticipated that the use of a variety of teaching strategies such as PowerPoint prese ntation, discussion questions, a brief demonstration, group work and group discussions would cater for the different learning styles of the participants. For the teaching and learning process to conform to how critical thinking is practised, I therefore saw it very vital to modify strategies and approaches during the presentation to meet demands that were not catered for in the planning phase. In delivering the lecture, I was quite confident as I have worked as a clinical nurse in hospital for three years, giving students necessary skills for working in a lab area, hospital or other working environment. The allotted time for my lecture was 15 minutes, but my teaching plan was structured to cover a slightly longer time frame. I, therefore, had to make a decision to adjust some of the strategies and to approach some aspects of the lesson differently from what was outlined in the teaching plan. To ensure that students understood well this concept, I took the initiative of not following the teaching plan as initially outlined. The PowerPoint presentation was the first to be presented. However, there was no enough time for questions from the students, as well as discussion hence clarification of the unclear concept, was not successful. I went on to demonstrate the procedure of acquiring critical thinking while repeating the initial PowerPoint presentation. This demonstration helped to clarify any concerns the participants would have had from the initial presentation. This is because they had a chance to view the step-by-step procedure. My experience facilitated the quick movement through the procedure without neglecting relevant details and therefore the students were able to understand the process. I gave each student the opportunity to demonstrate the procedure. Each student constructed a checklist which he or she would use to perform the procedure. Thereafter, each student demonstrated the procedure while one of the other students explained to the students what was being done. The modifications I made to the teaching plan were important because they met the stated objectives within a given timeframe. The reflective process that I followed in order to make the adjustments was essential, and is terms as reflection in action (Ely Scott, 2007). Feedback played a key role in the process. From the comments made by the students in their fifteen-minute post-test, I believe that the process of reflection was successful. Although there were constraints such as non-adherence to the teaching plan and time shortage, the objectives of the teaching session were successfully met. The students reported that they got an understanding of how to perform the procedure, the steps to follow and the order in which those steps are followed. In addition to the students reporting that they are able to understand the procedure, I was able to estimate how well they understand the procedure based on the demonstration and narration that they exhibited. During each demonstration, I observed the student performing the procedure, and whenever a mistake was being made, I quickly pointed it out so that the correction could be made immediately. With these corrections, they were able to understand the procedure even better. The students themselves were able to reflect in action, revealing that in any learning situation all parties have to be actively involved in reflecting on and modifying practice (Rubenfeld Scheffer, 2010). In general, the teaching session was a decent experience for me. I discovered that in conveying teaching sessions, the instructor must consider the needs of the understudies and that their individual learning styles must put into consideration. Outcome criteria The outcome criteria are another important process in nursing. In this process, what nurses have been learning and practicing is put into practice. To accomplish the objective of this process, the students demonstrated knowledge of the performance procedures, risks and precautions related to acquisition of critical thinking in nursing by producing a ten-minute reflective paper, earnestly taking part in group discussions , airing their views, coming up with reflective questions and comments, teaming up in the making of an itemized informative agenda on the most proficient method to perform the process and doing a demonstration of the technique. Evaluation of teaching Amid this stage, I measured how well the students had understood the procedure. The key purpose of this stage was to gather information to assess the nursing consideration. The stage is simultaneous or on-going on the grounds that I assessed and settled on a choice amid the usage period by the students of the methodology. One of the key exercises that I carried out at this stage was to measure the attainment of the objective of goal and the modification of the teaching plan because I found out that it did not achieve the objectives (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2011). To ensure that the evaluation process was successful, I issued the students with post-test sixth week of the teaching session. The post-test comprised a fifteen minute questionnaire where they had to tick in the boxes next to what was useful to them during the session. Moreover, by completing the questionnaire, I was able to see that the teaching session was successful because it met the criteria that all the notes that I had given them were relevant. Moreover, I ascertain that the procedure for acquiring critical thinking was well described and performed satisfactorily. Interviewing was also another criterion that I used to evaluate the teaching session. After interviewing the students, they said that they had gained a vast knowledge in the field of nursing especially in the application of critical thinking. They also said that through the demonstration and presentations in the class, they were able to gain a lot of knowledge that they would apply in their future career. I also picked two students who expressed a high level of performance as well as two who expressed a low level of performance and learning. I asked them to explain to me their views pertaining to the session, and they had different ideas. The high performing students said that the session went smoothly and that the objectives were successfully met. However, the other two students had some complaints. These complaints act as the basis for future recommendation in my teaching sessions. The students complained of inadequacy of time for discussion. This was quite a challenge because some students were not able to hear from each and every member of their group. This triggers me to allocate enough time in my next teaching session to avoid the issue of time constraint. The students also suggested that not all learning materials were available for the session hence recommended that in my next session that I ensure that they are in a capacity to access the internet. They also recommended that to ensure they are in a capacity to meet their learning objectives well they should be taken to a hospital setup where they can observe how the skill is applied. In summation, in my next lecture, I will evaluate of the entire learning session in the form of peer review. Here, I will ensure that the students make comments on each other’s procedure, commending good techniques and highlighting errors or oversights. I will also make appropriate general comments on the students’ performance of the procedure by making any further clarifications. Finally, I will require the students to complete a feedback evaluation of the lesson.

Preparation and analysis of inorganic and organic compounds Essay

Task 1 titration of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid In this experiment the sodium hydroxide is neutralized with Hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride (the soluble salt) it is then crystallized in a dish. The equation for the above reaction is →NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H20(l) Method Add 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide into a conical flask then add couple of drops of methyl orange indicator Next fill the burette with HCL using a funnel to the 0 mark Add HCL to sodium hydroxide in small amounts swirling constantly keep adding until the solution changes to a red colour record your result Using the same volume of HCL now add it to another 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide to produce a neutral solution Use a Bunsen burner and an evaporating dish to reduce the volume to half Finally leave to evaporate in a crystallizing dish to produce a white crystalline solid Average Volume = 26.35 Mass of Evaporating dish = 53.86 (Mass = 55.04 – 53.86 = 1.18g) Mass = n x Mr = 0.025 x 58.5 = 1.4625 Calculating Percentage Yield 1.18 x 100 = 80.7 % 1.4625 Test for ions present Sodium Na+ — test carried out = flame test – result golden yellow This happens as the electrons move to higher energy level and then fall back down when heated which gives out yellow light. Chloride test → test carried out = add silver nitrate – result white precipitate of silver chloride was formed Task (e) Purity analysis of NaCl In this task I will be showing the purity analysis of NaCl the same procedure will be carried out as before but this time 0.1 moldm-3 of sodium chloride is titrated with 0.05 moldm-3 silver nitrate the indicator will be the chromate indicator The chemical formula for the following reaction is:NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNo3(aq) RESULTS These are the results obtained for the following experiment: Rough 1 2 Final burette reading 19.9 20.5 20.6 Initial Burette Reading 0.00 0.00 0.00 Titre 19.9 20.5 20.6 Average Volume = 20.55 Converted to dm3 /1000 1)calculate no of moles of silver nitrate N= C x V =0.05 x 0.02055 = 0.010275 moles 2)answer = no of mole of NaCl (1 : 1 ratio) 3) Calculate the actual concentration of NaCl C= n/V = 0.010275 = 0.10275moldm-3 0.01 4)percentage purity ppurity = 0.1 x 100 = 97.3%) 0.010275 Task 2 Method: 1)shake 2g of 2- hydroxybenzoic acid with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride in a 100cm3 conical flask 2) add five drops of concentrated sulphuric acid agitating the flask for about 10 mins the whole wil form a crystalline mush 3) Dilute by stirring it in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice 4) filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel and wash once with ice cold water 5) place the crude aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker add hot water not boiling water till it dissolves 6)cool and filter of crystals this process is known as recrystallisation 7) Take 4 test tubes add 2cm3 of distilled water in each and in 1 tube add one crystal of the product before recrystallisation and shake 8) Second tube add one crystal of the recrystallised product and shake 9) Third tube add one crystal of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and shake 10) In last tube add one crystal of known pure aspirin and shake 11)To each tube add 2 drops in turn of neutral iron (III) chloride and shake Following this method I got the following results Mass at start was 2.04 Finishing mass was 2.08 Amount of yield: 138 →180 1 →180/138 1 →1.3 2.04 → 2.652 2.08 x 100 = 78.4% 2.652 Organic testing To test for a phenol group Method: Add neutral iron III chloride(if a phenol group is present it will change into purple complex and if theres no purple then the aspirin is pure) Using the following method my result showed a purple complex showing that my aspirin was impure Melting point analysis

The Problem Of Homeless People - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2917 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? The man laid on his side, where one could see his hollow, sunken eyes, and matted, greyish-black hair that failed to completely cover his scalp. His beard was shaggy and uneven, speckled with sporadic, discolored patches. His eyes had cast out creases so far as to rival a murder of crows, as the bags under his eyes looked as though they were slowly trying to encapsulate his face. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Problem Of Homeless People" essay for you Create order His clothes were dirty, with chaotic tears throughout it. In the congested city, as the skyscrapers grasped at the very clouds above them, and cars raced by, here laid a man, destitute and alone. Dozens, maybe hundreds of people have walked past him today. A few paused by him and whispered platitudes of strength and kindness to him, while they gave him some spare change or maybe some food. These infinitesimal moments may be the most amount of positive human contact that he received today, but they dont compare to the unremitting apathy that he regularly receives from most of society. According to a 2017 assessment conducted by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), that man is only one of over 550,000 homeless persons who dot the various cities and towns of America (US Dept. of HUD page 1). Generally speaking, the homeless population can be categorized into 3 separate groups: Transitional, Episodic and Chronic. Transitional typically refers to persons who suffered from an unexpected emergency that may have forced them into homelessness. Episodic refers to individuals who are in and out of homelessness. More often than not, these individuals tend to have behavioral problems that need to be addressed. Finally, chronically homelessness refers to an individual with a disability who has been continuously homeless for a year or more, or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last three years (US Dept. of HUD page 2). While many people may end up homeless due to drugs or familial problems, there are quite a few who may have found themselves homeless through no fault of their own. They may have found themselves in this lamentable situation as a result of mental illness, lack of sufficient permanent housing and/or affordable housing, or even a lack of shelters with minimal barriers to entry. In fact, according to Adam Rideaus research, many homeless people will cite just how sudden their fall into homelessness came. This information can lead to one wanting to understand the cause of homelessness, as well as the ways to reduce its occurrence, while simultaneously ensuring its reduction for future generations. All the research states that there is no singular cause for homelessness, but instead a wide variety of causes and traps that can ensnare even the most prudent of civilians and cast them down into the abyss of homelessness. Unsurprisingly, research by Prescilla DSouza shows that homelessness is often interwoven with poverty, unemployment and inequality (page 36). This can be exacerbated by the exclusion of the homeless population from most financial services. Even if they wanted to open a bank account, in many cases they would not be able to do it, as they do not have permanent addresses and sometimes, not even a proof of identity. Without safety and security, most of them would choose not to save what little money they have (DSouza page 32). Researchers have also found that most people who find themselves suddenly evicted, without a job, or fleeing an abusive partner tend not to have anywhere to live. In this case, theyd often choose to use the services of a shelter, but many emergency homeless shelters are perpetually full. Even those with beds to spare may enforce rules that exclude families, LGBTQ youth, and people with pets (Mead and Rankin par 6). Eric Garcetti, the current mayor of Los Angeles, stated in an interview that failed policies to combat homelessness, cheaper opioids and insufficient support for ex-convicts are all factors that contribute to homelessness (Nazar 00:08:53 00:09:11). Its safe to assume that the interactions of all these factors contribute to making the causes of homelessness a complicated web of issues that need to be deftly handled by cities and their residents. Regrettably, some cities decided to implement severe, punitive tactics to deal with the homeless situation. Unfortunately, criminalizing homelessness is a growing trend in America, where local laws that ban activities such as sleeping in vehicles, camping in public and panhandling have increased between 2006 and 2016. In fact, statistics from the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty state that in the United States of America, citations for panhandling has risen by 42%, camping in public had risen 69%, sitting or lying down in public by 52%, and sleeping in ones vehicle by an astounding 143% (Housing Not Handcuff pages 10-11). Punitive methods typically seek to criminalize basic human behaviors that one does in public as a result of their situation, essentially persecuting homeless men, women and children for simply being homeless. These tactics are a response to public frustration of homelessness, but instead of helping and motivating the homeless, it only seeks to hurt and hide them, and is even counterproductive to combatting homelessness. Critics say that the homeless are just forced to move, and in the words of Andrew Butler, the environment creates a whack-a-mole dynamic whereby homeless are either forced to move somewhere else or end up in jail (00:03:01 00:03:08). This tactic can create another barrier for a homeless person to escape from their situation, by forcing them into jail, thus granting them a criminal record. The criminal record becomes an additional barrier, not just to obtaining jobs, but also to accessing affordable housing, and thus it helps to perpetuate homelessness (Mead and Rankin par. 3 and par. 18). Considering that there are legislations that reinforce this behavior, it has even led to situations where members of the police force have harassed and shamed homeless members of society. There were reports of police harassment in Boise, Idaho being so intense that it forced a homeless man to move to some nearby woods in order to avoid citations for public camping (Butler 00:04:04 00:04:15). Even worse was the situation in Los Angeles in 2016, where police arrested 14,000 people experiencing homelessness for everyday activities such as sitting on sidewalks. The scrutiny that they face can lead to the destruction of their self-esteem, dignity and motivation, which in turn feeds their unhealthy lifestyles, addictions and even care avoidance. Care avoidance is defined as partly or completely turning away from threat-related cues, which results in not being able or willing to be involved in care that is necessary (Klop et al. page 2). The true weight of the negativity instilled by the laws were expressed by a Corpus Christi Shelter coordinator, Lisa Veaudry, who says, You dont stop being homeless just because you are being ticketed and moved out of the alley (Butler 00:05:11 00:05:17). According to former Albuquerque Mayor, Richard Berry, the punitive approach to homelessness is a method that has failed time and time again, and only serves to dehumanize those who suffer from the tragic reality of homelessness (00:03:45 00:04:02). With punitive methods continuously resulting in failures, one must look at the various methods that are being employed throughout the country to combat the monstrosity that is homelessness. While serving as Mayor, Berry had instituted a program called Better Way. According to Berry, the Theres a Better Way campaign gives panhandlers a chance at a change in life and lift them up through the dignity of work (00:00:38 00:01:03). The program also provides a more pragmatic and better way for community members to donate their money. The program will offer day jobs to various homeless people across the city, giving them the chance to earn money and have a hot meal during the day. The jobs are menial in nature, mostly dealing with clearing areas of debris, weeds, trash and any other unsightly materials from city blocks and public spaces. The program runs with the aid of St. Martins Hospitality Center and the trust of the community. Richard believes that offering the day job to the homeless population also makes them much more likely to sign up for whatever services they need to help improve and stabilize their lives. The evidence for this can be found in the reported data, where, to date, about 1200 day jobs have been provided and over 180 people have been connected with some kind of permanent employment opportunities. It also shows that most homeless people are genuinely willing to work for their wages, despite some negative stereotypes that say otherwise, a claim substantiated by interviews with various homeless persons (Butler; Rideau). An emphasis on empathy and disregard for the negative stereotypes are at the center of the homeless solution for Adam Rideau in Temecula, California. Adam leads various community-based efforts that seek to reduce the homeless problem, which had an unexpected increase of 129% in 2017 (00:05:54 00:06:14). Adam believes that individuals from all walks of life can help those affected by homelessness, whether its through speaking out against any laws or policies that inadvertently dehumanize those who are unfortunate enough to be stricken by it, or by helping when theyre in need, instead of simply ignoring them. Its this sort of community understanding and empathy on the situation that can lead to trust with leaders and encourage solutions like Berrys Better Home programs and even the unique solution proposed in Seattle, Washington, city-sanctioned encampments for the homeless. In 2016, Seattle was declared a state of emergency for homelessness, and provided sanctioned encampments for the homeless population. These areas are relatively small, but they provided proper shelter, food and bathrooms for those who needed it. The encampments also allowed the homeless population, especially those who were in the transitional stage, to seek jobs to support themselves while, again, they would seek out the resources and treatment they needed to better their lives. This community treatment also allowed for the catering of the individual care that would allow the circumvention of the homeless populations tendency for care avoidance through low-barrier access to the necessary care, as we;; as tailored care and the freedom to build trusting relationships (Klop et al. pages 7 -8). The usage of peers in these programs can also increase the success rate as peers may be a potential change mechanism, especially with training and supervision from professionals (Barker et al. page 10). Like Seattle, Mayor Garcetti declared a state of emergency in regards to homelessness. A more sustainable model of housing like the Skid Row Housing Trust, a trust that provides permanent supportive housing for people who have experienced homelessness, is the most forward solution (Nazar 00:03:20 00:03:51). It would have all the resources they need to address the various issues that tend to affect the homeless, including behavioral problems, mental illness, physical ailments, and the lack of necessary life skills. These services could help break the cycle of homelessness, and help former homeless people to become self-reliant. Stephanie Pencil, a sustainability scientist from the Institute of Environment and Sustainability at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and director of California Sustainable Communities, believes the question of homelessness is being looked at backwards. She says that authorities are not thinking about where affordable and decent long-term permanent housing can be built, and that methods of decreasing the cost of housing should be explored more, especially considering that the exuberant cost of housing is a major recurring factor in the personal anecdotes of many homeless persons. Rob Jernigan, an architect and regional manager of Gensler Architects in downtown LA, works with Skid Row Housing Trust. He, along with many others in the field, believe building sustainable housing is very a difficult but necessary component of alleviating the homeless issue. Unfortunately, he cites difficulty managing supplies and mitigating costs for these projects as a reason for the slow inc orporation of this methodology to combatting the problem. Compared to punitive methods though, permanent supportive housing and mental health or substance abuse treatment would cost less and work better, according to research done at the Homeless Rights Advocacy Project at Seattle University Law School (Mead and Rankin par. 15). This would work with the alteration of policies that would emphasize the focus on these methods. Policies can have a major influence on the effects of homelessness. DSouza propose changes on a larger scale through policy actions, namely the multi-faceted concept of inclusion. According to her, growth is said to be inclusive when it allows all members of the society to participate in, contribute to, and benefit from the growth process on an equal basis, regardless of individual circumstances (page 32). She argues that inclusive growth should therefore become a major policy priority so as to ensure that everyone has a share of the benefits of growth. Her study justifies the need to address the problem of homelessness on propriety basis and reinforces the mentality of adopting appropriate/low-cost housing policies (page 38). The development of a comprehensive national policy framework on homelessness would be a more effective method of combatting it on a national scale. Evidence demonstrates that homelessness and housing instability in cities in Canada are generally associated with decisions made by policy-makers, landlords and employers, the impacts of which can be measured over time (Katz et al. page 1). Again, this information is reinforced by Mead and Rankin, whose research suggested that municipalities do not address the underlying problems that cause homelessness (par. 9). The cost of doing nothing, or continuing with punitive programs far outweigh the cost of giving homes to all of a citys chronically homeless. Policies like these can and have been implemented in USA, with one of the most notable examples being in New York City. The program is known as the Frequent Users Service Enhancement Initiative (FUSE). It provides permanent supportive housing works for a multitude of people who have experie nced homelessness, including those who have the additional burdens of mental-health challenges or criminal records (Semuels par. 7). It gives homes to people who have experienced the trauma of living on the streets, without asking much of them in return. The combination of stable housing and supportive services are the magic ingredients that make it possible for people who have frequently fallen through the cracks in the social-safety net to regain stability in their lives and move forward, said Steven Banks, the commissioner of New York Citys Human Resources Administration/Department of Social Services. Given the costs of shelter, the cost of incarceration and the health-care costs, its a cost-effective investment for government (Semuels par 9). Finally, research from a Columbia study has born evidence that the program is capable of saving approximately $15,000 per participant in reduced jail time and reduced costs crisis-health services, proving the potential that this program has (Aidala et al. page 50). The factors that cause homelessness are as varied as its many sufferers, and unfortunately, while everyone has the noble intention of resolving the situation, not all the methods employed are beneficial for the victims, or even society at large. Thankfully, that hasnt stopped some people from acknowledging societys failures to provide for its less privileged members. Instead, through ingenious, novel or pragmatic ideas and methods, homelessness is being slowly but surely combatted through affordable housing, cost-effective charity, peer and community efforts and advocating for greater policy changes that will prevent the vulnerable from falling through the cracks. Whether it is considered a plague, monster, disease or state of emergency, it takes a concentrated effort of noble and charitable people and their well-thought-out tactics to finally rid this nation of the reality of homelessness. Works Cited Aidala, Angela A., et al. New York City Frequent Users Service Enhancement FUSE Initiative. Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, https://www.csh.org/wp -content/uploads/2014/01/FUSE-Eval-Report-Final_Linked.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov. 2018. Barker, Stephanie L., et al. Expert Viewpoints of Peer Support for People Experiencing Homelessness: A Q Sort Study. Psychological Services, Nov. 2018. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/ser0000258. Accessed 25 Nov. 2018. Berry, Richard J. A Practical Way to Help the Homeless Find Work and Safety. TED, Feb. 2017, www.ted.com/talks/richard_j_berry_a_practical_way_to_help_the_homeless_find _work_and_safety?language=en. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. Butler, Andrew. What Happens When Cities Make Homelessness a Crime: Hiding The Homeless. VICE News, YouTube, 23 Nov. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYFeY2pS0ks. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018. DSouza, Prescilla. Inclusive Growth A Solution to Homelessness. SDMIMD Journal of Management, vol. 9, no. 2, Sept. 2018, pp. 3239. EBSCOhost, doi:10.18311/sdmimd/2018/21685. Accessed 25 Nov. 2018. Housing Not Handcuffs Ending the Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities. The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, www.nlchp.org/documents/Housing- Not-Handcuffs. Accessed 28 Nov. 2018 Katz, Amy S., et al. Housing First the Conversation: Discourse, Policy and the Limits of the Possible. Critical Public Health, vol. 27, no. 1, Feb. 2017, p. 139. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/09581596.2016.1167838. Accessed 17 Nov. 2018. Klop, Hanna T., et al. Care Avoidance among Homeless People and Access to Care: An Interview Study among Spiritual Caregivers, Street Pastors, Homeless Outreach Workers and Formerly Homeless People. BMC Public Health, vol. 18, no. 1, Sept. 2018, p. 1095. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5989-1. Accessed 16 Nov. 2018. Mead, Joseph W., and Sara Rankin. Criminalizing Homelessness Doesnt Work. CityLab, 20 June 2018, www.citylab.com/equity/2018/06/how-not-to-fix-homelessness/563258/. Nazar, David. Homeless Crisis in America: Is This the Perfect Solution. DavidNazarNews, YouTube, 25 Aug. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG7a6BwbBp8. Accessed 8 Nov. 2018. Rideau, Adam. A Solution for Homelessness: Community-Based Problem Solving | Adam Rideau | TEDxTemecula. TED, YouTube, 31 Oct. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBWflF2jo1k. Accessed 20 Nov. 2018. Semuels, Alana. How Can the U.S. End Homelessness? The Atlantic, 25 Apr. 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/end-homelessness-us/479115/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2018. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress (2017). SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017, doi:10.2139/ssrn.1680873. Accessed 7 Nov. 2018.

The Sap, Internet Of Things Essay - 2212 Words

Executive Summary SAP stands for the systems, application and products in the data processing. It is one of the largest software company and design business software to incorporate all aspects of the business. At present, the company is offering a wide-ranging assortment of resolutions for the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT platform will assist business enterprises to easily improve, organize, and accomplish their actual Internet of Things IoT as well as Machine-To-Machine (M2M) software applications. By utilizing this digital platform business enterprise can not only run the automated processes, but can also connect to any application through networking (Kamilaris Pitsillides, 2016). The SAP, Internet of Things (IoT) is sponsored by SAP HANA that provides access to a comprehensive variety of applications, expansion utensils along with assimilation services. Through SAP, IoT business associates can manage and monitor remote devices as well as can develop network creative solutions for various indu stries. The SAP HANA is integrated with a complete set-up of unified processing engines in order to assist information streaming, machine learning, analytical examination, relationship displaying, as well as text processing. This is further improved by a capacity to handle value-based and scientific workloads from the similar information set. This rich arrangement of elements gives an establishment to supporting unusual workloads of IoT information and arrangements. ThroughShow MoreRelatedThe Sap, Internet Of Things Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesSAP stands for the systems, application and products in the data processing. It is one of the largest software company and design business software to incorporate all aspects of the business. At present, the company is offering a wide-ranging assortment of resolutions for the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT platform will assist business enterprises to easily improve, organize, and accomplish their actual Internet of Things IoT as well as Machine-To-Machine (M2M) software applications. By utilizingRead More30 Amazing Things You DidnT Know About Sap Case Study1008 Words   |  5 PagesAmazing Things You Didnt Know About SAP SAP, the German based multinational software company is popular for its ERP (enterprise resource planning) software, using which businesses can manage business operations. Be it a small business, midsized company or a large business corporation, SAP has a solution for all. The software packages are customized to suit the requirements of the businesses, on the basis of the size of the company and also the industry that it belongs to. Apart from SAP, thereRead MoreSap : The Next Generation Business Suite825 Words   |  4 PagesSAP S/4HANA SAP Business Suite 4 SAP HANA The Next-Generation Business Suite Satya Kiran Godithi Department of Business Information Systems, Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 USA godithi@cmich.edu Abstract--- This research is on SAP S/4HANA business suite which help enterprises run simple and delivers massive simplifications like customer adoption, data model, user experience, decision making. This new suite is built on advanced in-memory platform, SAP HANA. SAP S/4HANARead MoreA Strategic Tool For Business Survival And Success1292 Words   |  6 Pages 4.2 Is IoT(Internet of things) a strategic tool to business survival and success? With the recent development of modern science, the ‘Internet of Things’ has declared the dramatic revolution in the areas of expertise such as medicine, education, enterprise business, military reconnaissance, and the authorities. The term ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) is not fresh as imagined by the public. Approximately two decades ago, professors at MIT recorded a world where â€Å"things† (equipments or sensors) can beRead MoreA Description Of SAP Hana Cloud Integration886 Words   |  4 Pages SAP lauded HANA cloud platform ignorer to leverage existing investments of integrating non-cloud and cloud enabled solutions onto one common platform. HANA Cloud is nothing but SAP’s in-memory cloud platform, enabling developer’s to build, extent and run all applications on cloud platform. This platform provides a set of application services or SAP HANA app services like portal, integration, mobile, collaboration and analytics giving flexibility to developer to build their applications. SAP HANARead MoreIntroduction. Predictive Analytics Is Quantitative Analysis1371 Words   |  6 Pagescustomer churn; credit scoring; cross sell / up sell opportunities; market campaign response; anomalies, fraud. SAP Predictive Analytics is business intelligence software from SAP that is designed to enable organizations to analyze large data sets and predict future outcomes and behaviors. For example, SAP Predictive Analytics can help make sense of big data and the Internet of Things by building predictive analytics models to identify unforeseen opportunities, better understand customers, and uncoverRead MoreRelational Databases : Sap Hana1463 Words   |  6 PagesThis is where SAP HANA comes in. SAP HANA is probably best described as new form of database that operates as an in-memory data platform that is capable of processing large amounts of data in real-time. With its capability to simultaneously handle both transaction processing and analytics and also support the deployment of real-time applications, SAP HANA has quickly become one of the most sought after database technology in the industry. Unlike other traditional database systems, SAP HANA also boastsRead MoreWhy The Internet Is The Fuel For The Global Economy1558 Words   |  7 PagesIf the Internet is the fuel for the global economy, the midmarket is the engine that makes it work from a growth, stability, and innovation perspective. Traditional enterprises have typically built and deployed enterprise systems that are used exclusively by employees, with a focus on internal processes, improving efficiencies, decreasing costs across all functional business areas. With proliferation of the Cloud and The Internet of Things (IoT), businesses have been forced to deploy solutions thatRead MoreInformation Of A Zie Energy Company Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagescreated challenges in call centre operations. For this reason it is often needed to switch to different systems to resolve customer’s enquiries.To avoid these types of challenges, Zie energy launched Retail Transformation energy project which used SAP software to deal the customer issues and maintain good relations with customers. This new system was implemented to improve the customer’s and agents experience when dealing with each other. This new system will provide wider information regardingRead MoreBest Of Breed Versus Erp Systems 12341436 Words   |  6 Pagescountries (Montgomery 2003). Systems Application and Product (SAP) System SAP is an ERP software package made by a large German company. It is founded by a group of former IBM employees in 1972. The system provides a complete integrated standard solution business requirement such as manufacturing, accounting, financial management and human resources (Burleson 1999). Westervelt (2003) states SAP is the most popular system choosen for ERP. SAP applications are built on latest R/3 system and runs on a

The Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay

The Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Victim or villain. These two words are the total opposites of each other. A victim is someone that we in general should, or may, feel sorry for and attempt to sympathise or empathise with. But a villain is the one person that people love to hate. The best example of this I feel is pantomime. The victims or heroes are clear-cut and the audience willingly cheers them. But as soon as the villain walks on stage he is hissed and booed, unfortunately it is not as simple as this in The Merchant of Venice and how the audience react to the characters is all important in making the distinction between victim or villain. Although the title of the†¦show more content†¦In contrast to this however, modern attitudes to racism, in particular anti-Semitism, are different. All throughout history Jews have been persecuted, most recently in the Holocaust in Germany. I would think that many people today would be affected by this, that such persecution could happen just because people stood up for their faith. It is this view that makes The Merchant of Venice, and particularly Shylock, so complex and still extremely relevant to modern society. Shylock is a Jew in a Christian city, isolated and vulnerable. This is a cause of great prejudice against Shylock and means his apparent villainy can begin to be understood. But, interpretation of Act 1:3 and the lines therein and underlying meanings accounts for many things. For example, when Bassanio invites Shylock to have a meal with them, If it please you to dine with us, it can be read as a kind offer rejected by Shylock or ignorance of the Jewish faith, either unintentionally or intentionally to patronise and provoke Shylock. But one point in this very important scene, Act 1:3, is when Shylock recounts all he has suffered at the hands of the Christians, epitomised in Antonio. Shylock has borne it with a patient shrug and goes on to demonstrate the hypocrisy of the supposedShow MoreRelatedMerchant Of Venice Shylock Character Analysis762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare’s most widely known and controversial comedies. Written in the lat e 1590s, its’ controversy stems from the modern mindset between tolerance and prejudice. Shylock, who was â€Å"at once a fabulous monster, the Jew incarnate, and also a troubling human uneasily joined with the monster in an uncanny blend†, is now looked at as a victim in light of the prejudice bestowed upon him now being recognized. Shylock’s character is so stereotypically Jewish that he becomesRead MoreEssay On The Character Of Shylock In The Merchant Of Venice1395 Words   |  6 PagesShylock is the hated Jew character in The Merchant of Venice. Despite the presence of other, minor, Jewish characters, when The Jew is mentioned, he is instantly recognized as Shylock. The Jew accumulates several negative monikers throughout the play, and in act four, scene one, he is referred to as: an inhuman wretch, / uncapable of pity, void and empty / from any dram of mercy (Shakespeare 4.1.4-6), inexecrable dog (4.1.128), and a cruel devil (4.1.215). The society of Ve nice despisesRead MoreThe Character of Shylock as a Victim or Villain in The Merchant of Venice1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of Shylock as a Victim or Villain in The Merchant of Venice Do you consider the character of shylock to be a victim or villain in the play The Merchant of Venice? Shylock is one of the most interesting, memorable and debated characters in the play â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†. In many ways this is because he is both a victim and a villain. Shylock was made a laughing stock of and is ridiculed by the Christians because he was Jewish. The Jewish communityRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Shylock from The Merchant of Venice469 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice is a classic play that has also brought about some issues revolving around the antagonist of the story Shylock. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the character of Shylock in the play and also introduce the uses of that name throughout history down to the present day. Shylock in Shakespeares work is a money lending Jew who pursues money with strong vigor and attachment. Shylock is also portrayed as literally bloodthirsty as he demands punishmentRead More How The Character Of Shylock From â€Å"The Merchant Of Venice† Is2264 Words   |  10 PagesHow The Character Of Shylock From â€Å"The Merchant Of Venice† Is Presented To The Audience In Scenes 1.3, 3.1 and 4.1 Over the years, Shylock has been portrayed in many ways, for instance, in the Elizabethan time, Jews were seen as the cause of Christ’s death and were known moneylenders so they were persecuted, so Shylock normally came on stage wearing a bright red wig and portrayed as a comic villain due to this he was always mocked. However, after the holocaust was brought to light, JewsRead MoreCritical Essay: the Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare - Shylock Character Study1406 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Merchant of Venice’ - Shylock Character Study Shakespeare’s play ‘The Merchant of Venice’ starts off in Venice with Shylock as a simple money lender. His intentions seem reasonable to begin with, he sounds a nice man then he does a soliloquy saying how much hatred he has for Antonio, the Christian who treated him disrespectfully. Shylock conflicts his emotions again and speaks to Antonio in a joking manner which in his mind turns out to be the truth. In the play Shylock is aRead More Is The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play? Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIs The Merchant of Venice an Anti-Semitic Play?      Ã‚   The Merchant of Venice features a Jewish character that is abused and slandered by nearly every character in the play. Throughout the play the behavior of these characters seems justified. In this way, The Merchant of Venice appears to be an anti-Semitic play. However, The Merchant of Venice contains several key instances, which can be portrayed in a way that criticizes anti-Semitism. The first instance occurs in Act 1, scene 3 whenRead MoreThe Theme Of Revenge In The Merchant Of Venice1118 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge is the central theme of The Merchant of Venice as the plot is centred around the theme of revenge, vengefulness is one of the main character traits present in a sizable number of characters and the main moral message is that revenge is a poor choice. While other themes in the play are present in the plot and moral message and the themes of love and friendship are more prevalent in the majority of the characters, revenge plays a more significant role in the play. These factors lead to a playRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice938 Words   |  4 PagesHate The Merchant of Venice a play written by the famous poet and play writer, William Shakespeare, in the year 1596 - 1598. It is based on both love and hate. Shakespeare demonstrates the themes of love and hate clearly through various character. The friendship love is shown through Antonio towards Bassanio, romantic love is shown through Portia and Bassanio and self love is shown through shylock. However Shakespeare also illustrates hates during the play through the characters shylock and AntonioRead MoreThe Two Worlds of Venice and Belmont Depicted in Shakespears The Merchant of Venice865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Two Worlds of Venice and Belmont Depicted in Shakespears The Merchant of Venice In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare explores two different yet similar worlds. The world of Venice and the world of Belmont. These two worlds have many differences and some similarities. For example, Venice is a completely different setting compared with Belmont. Also, the characters in Venice are different but also similar to the ones in Belmont. Furthermore, the society in Veniceis

Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience Free Essays

Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience When thinking about immigration, most individuals imagine all different types of ethnic groups traveling to a separate land away from their own. Most imagine America. Immigration, throughout history, has occurred within all types of ethnicities. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now When taking a closer look at the individuals living in America, it is apparent that everyone is not exactly like one another. Assimilation becomes a popular word used when discussing migration, and both positives and negatives come along with it. Two theorists that discuss the meaning of assimilation in their writings are Stephen Steinberg in his book, Ethnic Myth, and Milton Gordon in his book Assimilation in American Life. They discuss issues regarding assimilation and how they affect the nation as a whole. A novel written by Chang-Rae Lee titled, Native Speaker, gives specific examples as to how the assimilation process affects others and the migrants themselves, as also described in both Steinberg and Gordon’s books. In Steinberg’s book, Ethnic Myth, he discusses with his readers the issues regarding ethnic identity and assimilation. This is presented and explained in the chapter titled, The Atrophy of Ethnic Cultures. He first talks about the idea of the â€Å"melting pot† and how it should not be analyzed lightly. He gives a quote from John Higham that says, â€Å"Loud assertions of pluralism almost invariably betray fears of assimilation† (Steinberg, 59). This means that minority groups that try to maintain their cultural traditions may, in fact, risk assimilation by doing so. Another point he brings to the surface is that when looking back at second or third generations of a specific minority group, these people still can relate back to their original traditions and culture identity. He then says, â€Å"But can the same be said of the new generation which has known only the Americanized version of the original culture? † (Steinberg, 60). This is an obvious prevailing issue when it comes to preserving ones culture. An example within the novel, Native Speaker, would be when Henry, the main character described as a Korean immigrant, explains the history with his father. His father, living in America, would gather with friends and participate in ggeh’s, or â€Å"money clubs. † Here they would win money and eventually, that is all that mattered to the Korean group. The shift from typical Korean traditions to owning all this land and money in American became a vast transformation. Henry says about his father, â€Å"In America, he said, it’s even hard to stay Korean. These alterations from one ethnic experience and tradition to another can be lost very quickly and potentially never be replenished. Throughout both Steinberg and Gordon’s writing, they both have similarities and differences when regarding assimilation. Gordon talks about these â€Å"ethnic meetings† which refer to assimilation. Throughout Gordon’s chapter titled, The Nature of Assimilation, he gives a numerous amount of definitions from theorists and writers that differ in various ways. In an essay that Gordon leaves the author anonymous in this chapter defines assimilation as â€Å"the process by which different cultures, or individuals or groups representing different cultures, are merged into a homogenous unit. Here Gordon talks about assimilation as positive, whereas Steinberg takes a different approach. Steinberg suggests that assimilation is not always a positive aspect simply because it can result in the loss of a cultural identity. This is present in Native Speaker because Henry continuously tries indulging himself into American culture. He cannot fully accomplish this, which essentially results in his wife, Lelia, leaving him in the beginning of the novel. As there are differences within Steinberg and Gordon’s readings, they do agree upon their understanding of the nature within assimilation. Gordon says that cultural behavior changes â€Å"may take place in the cultures of either one of the two groups, or there may be a reciprocal influence whereby the cultures of both groups are modified† (Gordon, 62). Steinberg agrees with this statement because he suggests that the changing of one’s culture is at high risk when incorporated into a different culture. He says, â€Å"The ethnic crisis only begins with the fact that the core elements of traditional culture have been modified, diluted, compromised, and finally relinquished† (Steinberg, 62). Both writers describe this lack of identity in one way or another. Assimilation is apparent in any society, especially America. People of different backgrounds continuously trying to come together to create one nation is a crucial aspect in society today. Steinberg, Gordon, and Lee all discuss how assimilation has issues when it comes to preserving ones ethnic traditions and identity. What they all convey to readers however, is the fact that the merging of cultures will forever be essential and inevitable. Works Cited Steinberg, Steven. The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978. Print. Lee, Chang-Rae. Native Speaker. New York: Riverhead Books, 1995. Print. Gordon, Milton. The Nature of Assimilation. Oxford University Press, 1964. eBook. How to cite Ethnicity and the Immigrant Experience, Essay examples

Marijuana as a Subculture free essay sample

A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. Reefer songs became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early sasss marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent rug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late sasss early 1 asss. In the sasss marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Dehydrogenations (TECH) is the active chemical in marijuana. Its estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early sasss sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered TECH stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as TECH in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society.They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from the rest of society. It is the differences that distinguish part off culture from the rest. They speak the same language as the rest of the culture but they have a different set of definitions for certain words. On every marijuana related website I visited found there was a glossary. All of them were very similar. Some examples of different words contained in the glossary follow. The words high, stoned, blazed, and wasted are all defined as being under the influence of marijuana.Blades, skins, papers, and blunts are all synonyms for the paper used to roll marijuana. Joints and blunts are used to described as rolled marijuana, like a cigarette. The inhalation Of marijuana smoke is called taking a hit, drag, or toke. A bong or bowl is used to smoke marijuana. There are hundreds of different names for marijuana, some of the most popular are: pot, reefer, weed, bud, chronic, ganja, green, grass, Mary Jane, and herb. They also have some symbols that represent things. A very popular one is the marijuana leaf. It can be seen a lot of places such as a bumper sticker or in graffiti. 20 is another common one, it is the number used to represent marijuana or the smoking of it. The best explanation of this is its the California police code for possession of marijuana. Their subculture has a number of beliefs that differ from mainstream society as well. One belief is that marijuana use is increasing rapidly globally and The War on Drugs is a failure. This is one oftener strongest beliefs. They are very correct about both points. The unsuccessful War on Drugs is very costly, and is continuing to keep the tax rate high.A second belief is marijuana must be respected and used responsibly. Many marijuana smokers feel that teenager abuse it because they act so irresponsibly. Another strong belief is that pot is relatively less harmful than alcohol or tobacco. This is true if the facts and tactics are looked at. The last main belief is that marijuana should be decentralized and people should be free to grow and consume it in their own homes. Part of this is true in California, the Only State in which marijuana is decentralized.People are able to smoke marijuana without the legal penalties. Marijuana users have a certain etiquette they follow. Found a list of one hundred six of these, way too many to describe. The first five of these are: 1. Thou shall not turn down a smoke, never, 2. The person who rolls the joint (no matter whose weed it is) gets to spark it and take the iris hits, 3. If someone rolls a nice joint, its good to give the person a compliment on his or her rolling skills, 4. If someone starts hogging the bowl or joint because it is their pot that is definitely not cool, 5.If someone is too uncoordinated to light the bowl or bong they must give control of the lighter to someone able to get it lit. These are their cultures values and unwritten law to be followed. These rules vary throughout the country but remain basically the same. The members of this subculture share certain preferences and habits. The main reason people smoke pot is for the leasing feeling that helps rid them of the daily stress life brings. A man who works as an insurance agent describes this by stating; Smoking marijuana helps me see my life as a continuous whole.It allows me to step back from my daily concerns[] By removing myself temporarily I can see how certain little things are just not as important as I had once thought. This man uses marijuana to unwind from the day. Music also plays a big role in the consumption of marijuana. Smokers claim that music sounds better when they are high. The same with television and movies, they appear clearer and funnier. Social smoking allows for a better understanding of others and often facilitates intimate exchanges. And not to forget about the munchies (which is described in all the glossaries as well. The desire to eat is a direct result Of smoking and may be the closest thing to a universal response to marijuana. These things are particularly common among smokers. The rest of society views the marijuana smoking population in a disapprovingly way. There are a number of anti-drug activists out there tying to push stricter drug laws and end the use of illegal drugs altogether. Society imposed the stereotype that makers are pitheads and believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the pithead stereotype.They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreational to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing hem to make friends/acquaintances that dont agree with smoking marijuana.People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. From the rest Of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They dont mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use wont be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture.